Early history of posterior malleolus fractures in ankle fractures.

INTRODUCTION: No comprehensive treatise on the early history of fractures of posterior malleolus (PM) has yet been published, and many substantial discoveries have fallen into oblivion-particularly if not having been published in English originally. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Literature search was performed in original publications and historical sources. RESULTS: Early history of PM fractures from their first description up to the beginnings of their operative treatment may be divided into three basic periods, covering the era between 1828 and 1940. In the pre-radiological period (1828-1895), description of PM injuries was based merely on the autopsy findings in deceased patients. The first mentions of this injury were published by the British authors. In the radiologic period (1899-1916), the x-ray examination started a revolution also in diagnostics of ankle fractures, with the first radiographs performed as early as in 1899. Radiographic examination had subsequently become an integral part of the diagnostics of these injuries and initiated a number of significant studies of PM fractures. The first detailed mention of a PM injury may be found in the French and German literature. The period of early operative treatment (1918-1940), i.e., open reduction and internal fixation of PM, was started by the younger post-WWI generation, primarily the French surgeons, represented by Gaston Picot. His operative technique and the first six cases treated operatively between 1918 and 1921 were described in 1921 by Edouard Huc. Picot himself published his technique in great detail in 1923. CONCLUSION: The early history of diagnostics and treatment of PM fractures witnesses the remarkable body of knowledge gathered about that topic by numerous visionary surgeons predominantly French and German surgeons immediately before and after World War I. They substantially contributed to the radiological examination and operative treatment of this injury.

Representing young men's experience of anorexia nervosa: a French-language case study.

This article analyses two young adult (YA) novels about young men's experience of anorexia nervosa (AN), within the dual contexts of medical humanities research into literary depictions of illness, and the broader field of YA literature about AN. While emphasising the importance of diverse literary narratives in order to raise awareness of the prevalence of AN in men and boys, and to contribute to the reduction of stigma, it also considers current research into the potentially harmful triggering effects of AN literature on vulnerable readers. It identifies Anne Percin's Point de côté (Side Stitch) (2006) and Simon Boulerice's Jeanne Moreau a le sourire à l'envers (Jeanne Moreau Has An Upside-Down Smile) (2013) as examples of good practice in AN literature, due to their thematic focus on male experience, and because they employ narrative strategies that disrupt reader identification with the anorexic character, and avoid focusing directly on potentially triggering descriptions of anorexic ideas and behaviour. They also contribute to diversifying the portrayal of AN via non-judgmental portrayal of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) themes, a topic absent from equivalent YA novels currently available in English. The article further argues that literature-including fiction-contributes to the overall social and cultural discourse surrounding specific illnesses and is likely to affect patients' real-world experiences, but that it is a specific kind of discourse in its own right, which demands to be read with the appropriate tools. Its detailed analysis of narrative voice alongside thematic content demonstrates how specific approaches from the field of literary studies may complement empirical research into literature and its place within mental health discourse.

Re-thinking the Narrative in Narrative Medicine: The Example of Post-War French Literature.

Medicine and the humanities have been exploring new ways to improve the quality of healthcare. One such collaboration is the practice of narrative medicine which uses literature to teach physicians to better meet their patients' needs. Narrative medicine, however, draws primarily from Anglophone literature, yet post-war French literature, philosophy and criticism have much to add to the theoretical and practical underpinnings of narrative medicine. As well, such scholarship provokes a number of questions that expose certain weaknesses in narrative medicine as it is practiced currently. As this paper demonstrates, drawing post-war French literature into narrative medicine opens new ways to think about life, narrative and the place of the patient in the modern healthcare system.

Eggs, sugar, grated bones: colour-based food preferences in autism, eating disorders, and beyond.

In 1913, eccentric French composer Erik Satie wrote a fragmentary, diary-like essay where he depicted a strikingly rigid diet consisting solely of white foods: eggs, sugar, coconuts, rice, cream cheese, fuchsia juice and so on. Satie's brief essay has later been used as one of many puzzle pieces in attempts to retrospectively diagnose him with autism spectrum disorder. With Satie's white meal as a starting point, this paper explores colour-based food preferences and selective eating in clinical and non-clinical populations, with a special focus on autism spectrum disorder and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID). General colour preferences and their causes as well as the impact of colour on taste and food identification are also explored. Selective eating during childhood is immensely common and does not generally lead to disordered eating in the long run, although subgroups may experience rigidity around food of a more enduring nature. Problems related to eating were repeatedly described in Kanner's original 1943 autism case series and continue to be common in autism. Most studies on eating and sensory sensitivity in autism show that the texture and consistency of the food are the most common factors behind selective eating. In contrast, colour-based food preferences appear to be relatively rare, although numerous anecdotal reports exist. Foods that are white or colourless may be particularly appealing or tolerable for individuals with sensory hypersensitivity, which can occur in autism or ARFID. Ultimately, in the case of Erik Satie, this paper concludes that his description of a strictly white diet should not be read as an autobiographical account but rather as an ironic take on contemporary symbolist literature, with the famously decadent all-black dinner party in French novelist Joris-Karl Huysmans' À Rebours (1884; also known as Against Nature) as an obvious source of inspiration.

ON THE ANALYST'S IDENTIFICATION WITH THE PATIENT: THE CASE OF J.-B. PONTALIS AND G. PEREC.

The writer Georges Perec was in psychoanalysis with Jean-Bertrand Pontalis for four years in the early 1970s. In this essay, the author presents the exceptional interest this analyst took in this patient and the ways in which that interest manifested itself in his work, psychoanalytic and otherwise. Many correlative factors suggest that identificatory processes persisted beyond the treatment and were maintained into Pontalis's later life. While this paper is primarily intended to provide evidence to support this view of a specific case, the author closes by reflecting that this may be a more general phenomenon and the reasons for this.

Neurosyphilitics and madmen: The French fin-de-siècle fictions of Huysmans, Lermina, and Maupassant.

This chapter considers a neurological approach to analyzing the decadent and fantastic fictions of the French fin-de-siècle. It focuses on three texts whose depictions of male nervosism were influenced by Charles Baudelaire's biography of Edgar Allan Poe and by contemporary medical discourses, including those of Jean-Martin Charcot and George Miller Beard: Joris-Karl Huysmans' À Rebours (1884), Jules Lermina's Les Fous (1885), and Guy de Maupassant's Le Horlà (1885-1887). Although these authors were philosophically antipositivist and antimaterialist, they used scientific theories of neurasthenia, neurodegeneration, and visual hallucination to probe the frontiers between body and spirit, the known and the unknowable.

Madame Bovary e histeria: algumas considerações psicanalíticas / Madame Bovary and hysteria: some psychoanalytic considerations

Este artigo parte da compreensão freudiana sobre a constituição psíquica feminina e a histeria como vicissitude psicopatológica, utilizado como objeto de estudo a personagem Madame Bovary, do romance de Gustave Flaubert, publicado na França em 1856, ano do nascimento de Freud. Considerado o principal expoente e fundador da escola literária do realismo, Flaubert criou uma personagem feminina com uma série de conflitos que retratam os costumes burgueses europeus da segunda metade do século XIX, bem como deixam claro o lugar reservado à mulher neste contexto cultural. A sua mulherzinha - como Flaubert virá denominar a personagem central durante a elaboração do romance - é uma importante representante do desejo feminino de transformação, porém, é possível perceber uma desmedida nesses desejos, o que a coloca no campo da afetação psicopatológica. O realismo com que Madame Bovary é apresentado tornou o romance bastante discutido ao longo dos tempos. Quando foi publicado, causou impacto na sociedade francesa, chegando a ser proibida sua publicação. Apesar disso, a história construída por Flaubert mantém-se atual. pois refere-se ao enigma da feminilidade e da patologia histérica, ambas atemporais(AU)

This article starts from the freudian comprehension about female psychic constitution and hysteria as psychological destiny, for this, the article focuses on Madame Bovary, character extracted from Gustave Flaubert's novel published in France in 1856, the same year that Freud was born. Considered the founder and principal exponent of the literary school of realism, Flaubert created Madame Bovary, a female character with a series of conflicts that portray the European bourgeois customs of the second half of the nineteenth century, as well as make clear the place reserved for women in this cultural context. The little woman - as Flaubert will call the central character during the preparation of the novel - is an important representative of the feminine desire for transformation, but it is possible to realize thesedesires are excessive, which places Madame Bovary in the field of psychopathology affectation. The realism with which Madame Bovary is presented made it widely discussed over the years. When published, it caused impact on French society, and its publication was eventually prohibited. Nevertheless, the story built by Flaubert is still up-to-date because it refers to the riddle of femininity and hysterical pathology, both timeless(AU)

Claude Bernard's Experimental Medicine: One of the Origins of Modernity and Naturalism of French Literature in the 19th Century / 의사학

Authors studied how Claude Bernard, the first founder of experimental medicine, contributed significantly to establishment of modernism and influenced European modern culture. Authors first studied his views on modernity, comparing with Descartes and Magendie, and on the similarity between "Experimental medicine" and the European literature in the 19th century. Bernard was not exclusively against vitalism, but the dogmatic misuse of vitalism. His objective thinking could be a useful model for the authors, who considered science to be an origin of modernity in literature of naturalism. Especially, Emile Zola was strongly influenced by Bernard's "An introduction to the study of Experimental medicine" and published "Experimental novel," a manifesto of naturalism. Although Bernard's experimental methodology and determinism deeply influenced modern European culture, the relationship between his Experimental medicine and modernism have not been fully investigated yet. His experimental medicine also needs to be discussed from the ecological viewpoints. His anthropo-centrism was unique since he emphasized any human theory could not surpass the principle of nature. Conventional anthropo-centrism claims that human beings are superior enough to own and govern the nature. And Bernard's the necessary determinism contains the ecological principle that all life forms and inanimate objects are organically related and intertwined to each other, irrespectively of their usefulness for the human beings. Although there were some ethical debates related to his medical experiments on living bodies of animal, his strict principle to perform experiments only after animal or human body died was worth considering as an effort to sustain ecological viewpoints. He was also unique in terms of being realistic and candid about his situation which was limited by the 19th century's scientific and medical development. In conclusion, the significance of convergence of literature and medical science in Experimental medicine and the importance of Bernard's ecological viewpoints, need to be further studied in the field of medical history.

Flaubert e o crepúsculo do sujeito: uma análise do conto "Um coração simples" / Flaubert and the subject twilight: an analysis of the tale 'A simple heart' / Flaubert et le crepuscule du sujet: une analyse du conte 'A couer simple' / Flaubert y el crepúsculo del sujeto: un análisis del cuento 'Un corazón simple'

A literatura francesa e mundial passaram por uma enorme transformação ao longo do século XIX. A primorosa escrita de Flaubert é, para além de sua importância estética, reveladora de um novo modo de se escrever, ler e representar o homem no mundo moderno. O cuidado na construção do texto, a utilização de imagens plásticas e figuras de linguagem, ao mesmo tempo em que o narrador torna-se invisível no emprego do discurso indireto livre são característicos da escrita flaubertiana. O autor apresenta-nos em "Um coração simples" um "retrato" de Félicité, mulher pobre do interior da França, modelo virtuoso de uma ética evanescente. Ao acompanhar, por meio do conto, os passos e desventuras de Felicité, sob as lentes deste novo narrador, buscamos evidenciar as condições que circundam o aparecimento de um olhar científico-objetivo para a subjetividade humana, logo transformada em objeto de uma nascente Psicologia.(AU)

The French and World Literature have gone through an enormous transformation during the Nineteenth Century. The exquisite writing of Flaubert shows us, beyond its aesthetic importance, a new way of writing, reading and representing the man in the modern world. The careful composition of the text, using plastic images and figures of speech, in the same time that the narrator hides himself in the free indirect speech are characteristics of a Flaubertian writing. In A Simple Heart, the author introduces a portrait of Félicité, a poor woman from the countryside, virtuous model of an evanescent ethic. As he follows her in the tale through her steps and misfortunes, under a new narrator lens, we try to highlight the conditions that revolve around the appearance of a scientific-objective look to the human subjectivity, soon transformed into object of a just born Psychology.(AU)

Les littératures française et mondiale ont connu une profonde transformation au cours du XIXe siècle. L'écriture exquise de Flaubert est, par-delà de son importance esthétique, la révélation d'une nouvelle façon d'écrire, de lire et de représenter l'homme dans le monde moderne. La construction attentive du texte, l'utilisation des images plastiques et les figures de rhétoriques, tandis que le narrateur devient invisible par l'utilisation du discours indirect libre, sont caractéristiques de l'écriture flaubertienne. L'auteur nous présente dans un Coeur Simple un ®portrait» de Félicité, une femme pauvre de la province en France, le modèle vertueux d'une éthique évanouissent. En suivant à travers l'histoire les étapes et les malheurs de Félicité, sous l'objective de ce nouveau narrateur, nous cherchons à mettre en lumière les circonstances entourant l'émergence d'un regard scientifique et objectif de la subjectivité humaine, bientôt transformée en objet d'une Psychologie naissante.(AU)

La literatura francesa y mundial han atravesado una enorme transformación durante el siglo XIX. La escritura primorosa de Flaubert nos muestra, más allá de su importancia estética, una nueva manera de escribir, leer y representar el hombre en el mundo moderno. El cuidado en la construcción del texto, la utilización de imágenes plásticas y figuras retóricas, al mismo tiempo que el narrador se torna invisible tras un discurso indirecto libre, son características de la escritura flaubertiana. El autor nos presente, en "Un corazón simple", un "retrato" de Félicité, mujer pobre del campo en Francia, modelo virtuoso de una ética evanescente. A medida que se la sigue en la historia a través de sus pasos y desgracias, bajo las lentes de ese nuevo narrador, intentamos evidenciar las condiciones en torno de la aparición de una mirada científica-objetiva de la subjetividad humana, enseguida transformada en objeto de una naciente Psicología.(AU)

Flaubert e o crepúsculo do sujeito: uma análise do conto "Um coração simples" / Flaubert and the subject twilight: an analysis of the tale 'A simple heart' / Flaubert et le crepuscule du sujet: une analyse du conte 'A couer simple' / Flaubert y el crepúsculo del sujeto: un análisis del cuento 'Un corazón simple'

A literatura francesa e mundial passaram por uma enorme transformação ao longo do século XIX. A primorosa escrita de Flaubert é, para além de sua importância estética, reveladora de um novo modo de se escrever, ler e representar o homem no mundo moderno. O cuidado na construção do texto, a utilização de imagens plásticas e figuras de linguagem, ao mesmo tempo em que o narrador torna-se invisível no emprego do discurso indireto livre são característicos da escrita flaubertiana. O autor apresenta-nos em "Um coração simples" um "retrato" de Félicité, mulher pobre do interior da França, modelo virtuoso de uma ética evanescente. Ao acompanhar, por meio do conto, os passos e desventuras de Felicité, sob as lentes deste novo narrador, buscamos evidenciar as condições que circundam o aparecimento de um olhar científico-objetivo para a subjetividade humana, logo transformada em objeto de uma nascente Psicologia.

The French and World Literature have gone through an enormous transformation during the Nineteenth Century. The exquisite writing of Flaubert shows us, beyond its aesthetic importance, a new way of writing, reading and representing the man in the modern world. The careful composition of the text, using plastic images and figures of speech, in the same time that the narrator hides himself in the free indirect speech are characteristics of a Flaubertian writing. In A Simple Heart, the author introduces a portrait of Félicité, a poor woman from the countryside, virtuous model of an evanescent ethic. As he follows her in the tale through her steps and misfortunes, under a new narrator lens, we try to highlight the conditions that revolve around the appearance of a scientific-objective look to the human subjectivity, soon transformed into object of a just born Psychology.

Les littératures française et mondiale ont connu une profonde transformation au cours du XIXe siècle. L'écriture exquise de Flaubert est, par-delà de son importance esthétique, la révélation d'une nouvelle façon d'écrire, de lire et de représenter l'homme dans le monde moderne. La construction attentive du texte, l'utilisation des images plastiques et les figures de rhétoriques, tandis que le narrateur devient invisible par l'utilisation du discours indirect libre, sont caractéristiques de l'écriture flaubertienne. L'auteur nous présente dans un Coeur Simple un ®portrait¼ de Félicité, une femme pauvre de la province en France, le modèle vertueux d'une éthique évanouissent. En suivant à travers l'histoire les étapes et les malheurs de Félicité, sous l'objective de ce nouveau narrateur, nous cherchons à mettre en lumière les circonstances entourant l'émergence d'un regard scientifique et objectif de la subjectivité humaine, bientôt transformée en objet d'une Psychologie naissante.

La literatura francesa y mundial han atravesado una enorme transformación durante el siglo XIX. La escritura primorosa de Flaubert nos muestra, más allá de su importancia estética, una nueva manera de escribir, leer y representar el hombre en el mundo moderno. El cuidado en la construcción del texto, la utilización de imágenes plásticas y figuras retóricas, al mismo tiempo que el narrador se torna invisible tras un discurso indirecto libre, son características de la escritura flaubertiana. El autor nos presente, en "Un corazón simple", un "retrato" de Félicité, mujer pobre del campo en Francia, modelo virtuoso de una ética evanescente. A medida que se la sigue en la historia a través de sus pasos y desgracias, bajo las lentes de ese nuevo narrador, intentamos evidenciar las condiciones en torno de la aparición de una mirada científica-objetiva de la subjetividad humana, enseguida transformada en objeto de una naciente Psicología.

Visões da carne infinita

Este ensaio apresenta alguns dos aspectos gerais da literatura batailliana, bem como o seu contexto de produção. Tomando a História do olho como referência principal, propõe-se discutir o sentido da crítica batailliana endereçada aos fundamentos do pensamento racional e à moral que lhe é correlativa.(AU)

This essay presents some of the general aspects of bataillian literature, including it's production context. Taking the History of the eye as our main reference, we propose to discuss the meaning of the bataillian criticism about the racional thought and its moral principles.(AU)